Newborn
A newborn (or neonate) is an infant in the first 28 days of life, a period of rapid physiological adaptation to life outside the womb.
Quick Facts
| Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Age range | 0–28 days |
| Average weight | 2.5–4.5 kg (5.5–10 lbs) |
| Average length | 45–55 cm (18–22 inches) |
| Sleep duration | 16–18 hours per day |
| Feeding frequency | Every 2–3 hours |
Physical Characteristics
- Head: Large relative to body (25% of total length), soft spots (fontanelles) present
- Skin: May appear blotchy, dry, or covered in vernix (white coating); common conditions include infant acne, milia, and jaundice
- Reflexes: Exhibits primitive reflexes including rooting, sucking, grasping, and Moro (startle) reflex
- umbilical cord stump: Falls off within 1–3 weeks
- Weight: Typically loses 7–10% of birth weight in first week, regains by day 10–14
Behaviour and Development
- Sleep patterns: Irregular, with no day-night distinction initially
- Feeding: breast milk or formula every 2–3 hours; 8–12 feeds per 24 hours typical
- Crying: Primary form of communication; peaks around 6 weeks
- Senses: Can see 20–30 cm clearly (ideal for viewing parent's face during feeding), recognises mother's voice, prefers high-contrast patterns
- Movement: Jerky, uncoordinated; cannot support head independently
Essential Care Tasks
- Feeding: On demand or every 2–3 hours; watch for wet nappies (6+ per day after day 5) as sign of adequate intake
- Nappy changes: 8–12 per day; clean thoroughly, allow skin to air-dry
- Cord care: Keep dry and clean; fold nappy below stump
- Bathing: 2–3 times per week; top-and-tail cleaning on other days
- sleep safety: Always place on back, firm flat surface, no loose bedding
- Temperature: Keep room 16–20°C; avoid overheating
Warning Signs Requiring Medical Attention
- Fever above 38°C (100.4°F)
- Refusing feeds or extreme lethargy
- Fewer than 6 wet nappies after day 5
- Yellow skin/eyes (jaundice) worsening after day 3
- Difficulty breathing or blue-tinged skin
- Persistent vomiting or blood in stool
See also
Breastfeeding • Jaundice • Sleep patterns • Developmental milestones • Infant reflexes
Note: General guidance only. Consult a healthcare provider for specific concerns.